烘焙奖励作为操作

奖励是协议的一部分,并且都在链上.但是从通常的意义上讲,它们不是"交易",因为通常交易需要用户干预.但是,资金从"冰柜"到代表的转移是根本的.从概念上讲,冷冻室暂时持有烘烤和背书的所有纽带和奖励.

要在链上查找此信息,我们必须查看我们期望获得奖励的周期的最后一个阶段.

blockNumForRewards = (rewardedCycleNum + 6) * numOfBlocksInCycle

例如,对于周期93,周期93的奖励在周期98的最后一个块中被解锁,因此我们需要查看块编号(93 + 6) * 4096 = 405,504.

知道区块编号后,我们可以查询该区块通过从tzscan之类的区块浏览器获取哈希值.在这种情况下,BLdha4dMeWYxYkuP46eCgYwsgBYiKPNFLvgiu5NqgdxPLhkgzUf是我们的块哈希:

 /chains/main/blocks/BLdha4dMeWYxYkuP46eCgYwsgBYiKPNFLvgiu5NqgdxPLhkgzUf
 

很显然,这里有很多信息,但让我们关注处理余额变化的路径,特别是metadata > balance_updates.示例:

 {
  "protocol": "PsddFKi32cMJ2qPjf43Qv5GDWLDPZb3T3bF6fLKiF5HtvHNU7aP",
  "chain_id": "NetXdQprcVkpaWU",
  "hash": "BLdha4dMeWYxYkuP46eCgYwsgBYiKPNFLvgiu5NqgdxPLhkgzUf",
  "metadata": {
    ...
    "balance_updates": [
      // this is what we care about
    ]
  }
  ...
}
 

该块的这一部分是余额更新,无论用户如何干预,该更新都保留了协议需要应用的内容.在很多区块中,这部分将只包括当前的区块贝克,其锁定的奖励和纽带.在周期的最后一个区块中,balance_updates还包括参与周期93的每个面包师的所有奖励和债券解锁.

无论如何,让我们深入研究一位面包师的细节,以进一步理解.为了说明起见,我已经过滤出一位特定面包师tz1ivoFE...TD的交易.

     "balance_updates": [
      ...
      {
        "kind": "freezer",
        "category": "deposits",
        "delegate": "tz1ivoFEvbfbUNav5FwLvmxzMGcNXWxY9qTD",
        "level": 93,
        "change": "-10368000000"
      },
      {
        "kind": "freezer",
        "category": "fees",
        "delegate": "tz1ivoFEvbfbUNav5FwLvmxzMGcNXWxY9qTD",
        "level": 93,
        "change": "-9362"
      },
      {
        "kind": "freezer",
        "category": "rewards",
        "delegate": "tz1ivoFEvbfbUNav5FwLvmxzMGcNXWxY9qTD",
        "level": 93,
        "change": "-321000000"
      },
      {
        "kind": "contract",
        "contract": "tz1ivoFEvbfbUNav5FwLvmxzMGcNXWxY9qTD",
        "change": "10689009362"
      },
      ...
 

在balance_updates数组内,它将包括需要针对所有这些地址(包括"冰柜")进行调整的每个"交易".每笔交易也为它们提供了一些线索.

以上内容是每个面包师所见的非常典型的情况.有3个"冰柜"相关的交易和一个"合同". "冰柜"交易的不同之处在于其category(deposits,fees和rewards).这些类别很容易解释.以防万一,您的存款和奖励将包括烘焙和背书保证金和奖励.请注意,这些冷冻室操作为负值,它们暗示从freezer减去这些余额.

"合同"交易是什么改变了有关面包师的余额.这与用户发起的交易非常相似.如果我们将3个冰柜类别的余额加起来,它们将加起来为面包师的找零余额.

The rewards happen as part of the protocol and it's all on chain. But they are not a "transaction" in the normal sense of the word, as usually a transaction requires some user intervention. But there is fundamental movements of funds from the "freezer" to the delegates. Conceptually, the freezer temporarily holds all the bonds and rewards for baking and endorsing.

To find this information on chain, we have to look at the very last block of the cycle we'd expect the reward.

blockNumForRewards = (rewardedCycleNum + 6) * numOfBlocksInCycle

For example, for cycle 93, the rewards for cycle 93 gets unlocked at the last block of cycle 98, so we need to look at block number (93 + 6) * 4096 = 405,504.

After we knowing the block number, We can query for the block with our node by getting the hash from a block explorer like tzscan. In this case, BLdha4dMeWYxYkuP46eCgYwsgBYiKPNFLvgiu5NqgdxPLhkgzUf is our block hash:

/chains/main/blocks/BLdha4dMeWYxYkuP46eCgYwsgBYiKPNFLvgiu5NqgdxPLhkgzUf

Obviously there is a lot of information in here, but let's focus on the path that handles the balance changes, specifically metadata > balance_updates. Example:

{
  "protocol": "PsddFKi32cMJ2qPjf43Qv5GDWLDPZb3T3bF6fLKiF5HtvHNU7aP",
  "chain_id": "NetXdQprcVkpaWU",
  "hash": "BLdha4dMeWYxYkuP46eCgYwsgBYiKPNFLvgiu5NqgdxPLhkgzUf",
  "metadata": {
    ...
    "balance_updates": [
      // this is what we care about
    ]
  }
  ...
}

This portion of the block is the balance updates that retains to what the protocol needs to apply regardless of the user interventions. In a lot of the blocks, this portion will just include the current block baker with its locked rewards and bonds. In the last block of the cycle, balance_updates also includes all the rewards and bonds unlocks for every baker that participated in cycle 93.

Anyhow, let's dig into the specifics of one baker to understand further. For illustration, I've filtered out transactions for one particular baker tz1ivoFE...TD.

    "balance_updates": [
      ...
      {
        "kind": "freezer",
        "category": "deposits",
        "delegate": "tz1ivoFEvbfbUNav5FwLvmxzMGcNXWxY9qTD",
        "level": 93,
        "change": "-10368000000"
      },
      {
        "kind": "freezer",
        "category": "fees",
        "delegate": "tz1ivoFEvbfbUNav5FwLvmxzMGcNXWxY9qTD",
        "level": 93,
        "change": "-9362"
      },
      {
        "kind": "freezer",
        "category": "rewards",
        "delegate": "tz1ivoFEvbfbUNav5FwLvmxzMGcNXWxY9qTD",
        "level": 93,
        "change": "-321000000"
      },
      {
        "kind": "contract",
        "contract": "tz1ivoFEvbfbUNav5FwLvmxzMGcNXWxY9qTD",
        "change": "10689009362"
      },
      ...

Inside of balance_updates array, it will include every "transaction" that needs to be adjusted for all these addresses including the "freezer". Each transaction also gives some clues on what they are for.

The above is pretty typical what we'll see per baker. There are 3 "freezer" related transactions and one "contract". The "freezer" transaction are different by their category (deposits, fees and rewards). The categories are pretty self explanatory. Just in case you are wonder, deposits and rewards will include both baking and endorsements bonds and rewards. Notice that those freezer operations are negative values and they imply that these balances are subtracted from freezer.

The "contract" transaction is what changes the balance to the baker in question. This is pretty similar to a user initiated transaction. If we add up the 3 freezer category's balances, they would add up to the change balance for the baker.

"简短版本"的答案是,这是通过consensus达成的,这是用于加密货币的区块链中极为重要的概念.不幸的是,许多人只是不太了解它.在这方面,术语"共识"基本上可以归结为:

(这实际上是一个非常简化的描述,未考虑冻结的奖励或存款等) Tezos协议的代码规定,当一个帐户烘烤一个区块时,该帐户的余额仅增加了16英镑.由于每个人都运行相同的协议,因此每个人都同意,当一个帐户烘烤一个区块时,该帐户的余额增加了16英镑.多数民众赞成.

The "short version" answer is that this is accomplished through consensus, which is an extremely important concept in blockchains that are used for cryptocurrency. Unfortunately many people just dont really understand it; in this aspect essentially the term "consensus" boils down to:

(and this really is a very simplified description here, not taking into account freezing rewards or deposits, etc) The code for the Tezos protocol dictates that when an account bakes a block, that account's balance simply goes up by ꜩ16. Since everyone is running the same protocol, everyone agrees that when an account bakes a block, that account's balance goes up by ꜩ16. Thats consensus.